United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): Established in 1992, this treaty provides the overarching framework for international climate negotiations. The annual Conferences of the Parties (COP) are pivotal in decision-making.

Kyoto Protocol: Adopted in 1997, this protocol set legally binding targets for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from 2008 to 2012. It introduced market mechanisms like emissions trading.

Paris Agreement: Adopted in 2015, the Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, with an aspiration to limit warming to 1.5 degrees. Countries submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to outline their climate goals.

European Union Policy Framework

European Green Deal: Launched in 2019, this comprehensive plan aims to make the EU climate-neutral by 2050. It includes a range of actions across various sectors to reduce emissions and promote sustainability.

European Climate Law: Proposed in 2020, this law sets a legally binding target for the EU to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. It also requires the European Commission to establish an EU-wide climate target for 2030.

Fit for 55 Package: Introduced in 2021, this package outlines proposals to reduce EU greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. This includes measures such as revising the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) and increasing renewable energy use.